![]() Towards the end of the 20th century, Robert E. Later, von Graff accepted Müller's conclusions. Josef Müller, in 1902, considered that no sufficient anatomical basis existed for this distinction, and reunited them under Bipalium. Placocephalus: flat head plate with a circular outline.Perocephalus: rudimentary head plate, not much broader than the body.Bipalium: with a well-developed head plate, much broader than long, and with elongated lateral auricles.Later, in 1899, Ludwig von Graff divided it into three genera according to the shape of the head: The genus Bipalium was initially defined by Stimpson to include land planarians with the head broadened, forming a head plate. The name Bipalium comes from Latin bi-, "two" + pala, "shovel" or "spade", because species in this genus resemble a pickaxe. Some studies have begun the investigation of the evolutionary ecology of these invasive planarians. ![]() Several species are considered invasive to the United States, Canada, and Europe. Land planarians are unique in that they possess a "creeping sole", a highly ciliated region on the ventral epidermis that helps them to creep over the substrate. They are often loosely called " hammerhead worms" or " broadhead planarians" because of the distinctive shape of their head region. Placocephalus von Graff, 1896 (in part)īipalium is a genus of large predatory land planarians. ![]()
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